# prints the text
print "Enter a Value: "

# gets the user input
# to_i converts to an integer
first_num = gets.to_i

print "Enter Another Value: "

second_num = gets.to_i

# to_s converts back to string
puts first_num.to_s + " + " + second_num.to_s + " = " + 
(first_num + second_num).to_s

big_float = 1.12345678901234

puts ( big_float + 0.0000000000005).to_s

puts 1.class
puts 1.234.class
puts "MYString".class

# Create a new file if it doesnt exist and write to it
write_handler = File.new("myTextFile.out", "w")

# Add content to the file and convert to string
write_handler.puts("My Content").to_s

# Close the file after editing
write_handler.close

# Read the file and store the contents to a var
data_from_file = File.read("myTextFile.out")

# Output what is stored
puts "Data From File:" + data_from_file

load "prg1.rb"

=begin
Multiline
Comment
=end

puts "Enter Your Age: "

myAge = gets.to_i

if (myAge >= 5) && (myAge <= 6)
	puts "Youre in Kindergarten"
elsif (myAge >= 7) && (myAge <= 13)
	puts "Youre in Middle School"
	puts "Yeah"
else
	puts "Stay Home"
end

puts "true && false = " + (true && false).to_s
puts "true || false = " + (true || false).to_s
puts "!false = " + (!false).to_s

# Comparison
=begin
returns 0 if equal
1 if first is greater
-1 if first is less than
=end
puts "5 <=> 10 = " + (5 <=> 10).to_s


age = 12

# unless age is different from greater than 4
# executes first line only if age is less than 4
unless age > 4
	puts "no school"
else
	puts "go to school"
end

puts "You're Young" if age < 30

age = 12

print "Enter a Greeting"

# chomp removes the new line added
greeting = gets.chomp

case greeting
when "French", "french"
	puts " Bonjour"
	exit
when "Spanish", "spanish"
	puts "Hola"
	exit
else
	puts "Hello"
end

age = 12

# if age is greater than or equal to 50
# return old if true
# otherwise if false return young
puts (age >= 50) ? "Old" : "Young"

# print even numbers on the screen
# next is like continue

x = 1

loop do 
	x += 1

	# check if its an even number and print it
	next unless (x % 2) == 0
	puts x
	break if x >= 10
end

## same as do, get even numbers and output

y = 1

while y <= 10
	y += 1
	next unless (y % 2) == 0
	puts y
end

# until - do something until condition is met

a = 1

until a >= 10
	a += 1
	next unless (a % 2) == 0
	puts a
end

numbers = [1,2,3,4,5]

for number in numbers
	puts "#{number}"
end

# loop from 0 to 5 and output the number
(0..5).each do |i|
	puts "# #{i}"
end

# function to add two numbers
def add_nums(num_1, num_2)
	return num_1.to_i + num_2.to_i
end

puts add_nums(3,4)

# function to change variable
# value to change inside a function will not affect the outside value
x = 1

def change_x(x)
	x = 4
end

change_x(x)

puts "x is equal to: #{x}"

# get two numbers and divide them, catch an exception if division by zero

print "Enter a number: "

firstNum = gets.to_i

print "Enter another number: "

secondNum = gets.to_i

begin
	answer = firstNum / secondNum

rescue
	puts "You cant divide by zero"
	exit
end

puts "#{firstNum} / #{secondNum} = #{answer}"

# throw exception with raise

age = 12

def check_age(age)
	raise ArgumentError, "Enter Positive Number" unless age > 0
end

begin
	check_age(-1)
rescue ArgumentError
	puts "That is an impossible age"
end

# double quotes - outputs correctly, including interpolation
puts "Add Them #{4+5} \n\n"

# single quotes - outputs as literal
puts 'Add Them #{4,5} \n\n'

# manipulate strings
firstName = "John"
lastName = "Smith"

fullName = firstName + lastName

middleName = "Joseph"

fullName = "#{firstName} #{middleName} #{lastName}"

puts fullName

# does it include this? True/False
puts fullName.include?("Joseph")

#output total size of string
puts fullName.size

# count how many vowels
puts "Vowels : " + fullName.count("aeiou").to_s

# count how many consonants (exclude aeiou)
puts "Consonants : " + fullName.count("^aeiou").to_s

# does the name start with this? True/False
puts fullName.start_with?("Joh")

# At what index pos does Smith start?
puts "Index : " + fullName.index("Smith").to_s

# tranform to uppercase
puts fullName.upcase

# tranform to lowercase
puts fullName.downcase

# tranform to varying case
puts fullName.swapcase

# strip whitespace left and right
fullName = "         " + fullName

# remove whitespace on the left
fullName = fullName.lstrip

#remove whitespace on the right
fullName = fullName.rstrip

#remove all whitespace left and right
fullName = fullName.strip

# adds dots before text. value is string total
puts fullName.rjust(20, '.')

# adds dots after text. value is string total
puts fullName.ljust(20, '.')

# adds dots l/r of text. value is string total
puts fullName.center(20, '.')

# chop off the last letter
puts fullName.chop

# chomp the last new line, with param remove the last letters 
puts fullName.chomp('th')

# delete specific letters
puts fullName.delete("o")

# split into array - split at every new character
nameArray = fullName.split(//)
puts nameArray

# split into array - split at every space
nameArray = fullName.split(/ /)
puts nameArray

multiline_string = <<EOM
This is a very long string
that contains
interpolation like #{4 + 5} \n\n
EOM

puts multiline_string

# to string
to_s

# to integer
to_i

# to float
to_f

# to symbol
to_sym

# \\ Backslash
# \' Single Quote
# \" Double Quote
# \a Bell
# \b Backspace
# \c Formfeed
# \n Newline
# \r Carriage
# \t Tab
# \v Vertical Tab

# initialize with setters and getters (long way)

class Animal
	def initialize
		puts "Creating a new animal"
	end

	def set_name(new_name)
		#instence var @
		@name = new_name
	end

	#getter
	def get_name
		@name
	end

	# get a value
	def name
		@name
	end

	# another way to do a setter method
	def name=(new_name)
		if new_name.is_a?(Numeric)
			puts "Name cant be a number"
		else
			@name = new_name
		end
	end
end

# create a new animal

cat = Animal.new

# set the name - method 1
cat.set_name ("Fluffy")

# get the name - method 1
puts cat.get_name

# way to get name - method 2
puts cat.name

# set the name - method 2
cat.name = "Fluffy"
puts cat.name




#--------------------------
# improved animal class

class Dog
	# attr_accessor creates all the getters and setters
	attr_accessor :name, :height, :weight

	def bark
		return "woof"
	end
end

rover = Dog.new
rover.name = "Rex"

puts rover.name


# inherit from Dog
class GermanShepard < Dog
	# override method
	def bark
		return "loud bark"
	end
end

# create new german shepard
max = GermanShepard.new
max.name = "Max"

# formatted printing
printf "%s goes %s \n", max.name, max.bark()

# %s for string
# %d for integers
# %f for floats
# %.3f would print float with 3 decimals

require_relative file

module Smart
	def act_smart
		return "E = MC2"
	end
end

require_relative "prg1"
require_relative "prg2"

# create another module to show in different places
# recommended is to add in diff files
module Animal
	def make_sound
		puts "woof"
	end
end

# new class dog that includes the animal module
class Dog
	include Animal
end

rover = Dog.new

rover.make_sound

#--------------------------------
# create a new class, include the modules

class Scientist
	include Human
	# prepend supercedes all other modules
	prepend Smart

	# example module, overriden by prepend
	def act_smart
		return "e = mc^2"
	end
end

einstein = Scientist.new

einstein.name = "Albert"

puts einstein.name

# run the method
einstein.run

printf "%s says %s", einstein.name, einstein.act_smart()

# We create a class called Bird with a generic method to perform the tweet
class Bird
	def tweet(bird_type)
		bird_type.tweet
	end
end

# Cardinal is created and inherits Bird, tweets
class Cardinal < Bird
	def tweet
		puts "Tweet"
	end
end

# Owl is created and inherits Bird, Hoots
class Owl < Bird
	def tweet
		puts "Hoot Hoot"
	end
end

# now we create the bird
new_bird = Bird.new

# and we pass the type to the tweet method to output the correct sound
# again we create a new bird of each type
new_bird.tweet(Cardinal.new)
new_bird.tweet(Owl.new)

# symbol
:david

# output to see what it looks like
puts :david

# convert to a string
puts :david.to_s

# what type is it? Symbol
puts :david.class

# get the object id
puts :david.object_id

# Creating arrays
 
array_1 = Array.new
array_2 = Array.new(5) # Gets nil as default
array_3 = Array.new(5, "empty")
array_4 = [1,"two",3,5.5] # You can store multiple object types
 
puts array_1
puts array_2
puts array_3
puts array_4
 
# Indexes start at 0
puts array_4[2]
 
# Return 2 values starting at the 2nd index
puts array_4[2,2].join(", ")
 
# Return values in index 0, 1 and 3
puts array_4.values_at(0,1,3).join(", ")
 
# Add 0 at the beginning of the array
array_4.unshift(0)
puts array_4.join(", ")
 
# Remove the first item in the array
array_4.shift()
puts array_4.join(", ")
 
# Add 100 and 200 to the end of the array
array_4.push(100, 200)
puts array_4.join(", ")
 
# Remove item at the end of the array
array_4.pop
puts array_4.join(", ")
 
# Add one array to the end of another
array_4.concat([10,20,30])
puts array_4.join(", ")
 
# Array Methods
 
puts "Array Size : " + array_4.size().to_s
puts "Array Contains 100 : " + array_4.include?(100).to_s
puts "How Many 100s : " + array_4.count(100).to_s
puts "Array Empty : " + array_4.empty?.to_s
 
# Convert an array into a string
puts array_4.join(", ")
 
# Print and Inspect the array
p array_4
 
# Output array in loop
array_4.each do |value|
  puts value
end

# create key / value pair
number_hash = { "PI" => 3.14,
				"Golden" => 1.619, 
				 "e" => 2.718 }

#output the value of the hash called PI
puts number_hash["PI"]

# Based on the order 
superheroes = Hash["Clark Kent", "Superman", "Bruce Wayne", "Batman"]
puts superheroes["Clark Kent"]

# Add to a hash
superheroes["Barry Allen"] = "Flash"
puts superheroes["Barry Allen"]
 
# Set a default key value
samp_hash = Hash.new("No Such Key")
puts samp_hash["Dog"]
 
superheroines = Hash["Lisa Morel", "Aquagirl", "Betty Kane", "Batgirl"]
 
# Combine 2 hashes in a destructive way with update or with no overwriting
# with merge
 
superheroes.update(superheroines)
 
# Print out each key and value
 
superheroes.each do |key, value|
  puts key.to_s + ' : ' + value
end
 
puts "Has Key Lisa Morel : " + superheroes.has_key?("Lisa Morel").to_s
puts "Has Value Batman : " + superheroes.has_value?("Batman").to_s
puts "Is Hash Empty : " + superheroes.empty?.to_s
puts "Size of Hash : " + superheroes.size.to_s
 
# Delete a key value
 
superheroes.delete("Barry Allen")
 
puts "Size of Hash : " + superheroes.size.to_s

class Menu
  include Enumerable
 
  # Each provides items one at a time
 
  def each
    yield "pizza"
    yield "spaghetti"
    yield "salad"
    yield "bread"
    yield "water"
  end
end
 
menu_options = Menu.new
 
# We can cycle through all the options
 
menu_options.each do |item|
  puts "Would you like : #{item}"
end
 
# Check to see if we have pizza
p menu_options.find {|item| item == "pizza"}
 
# Return items 5 letters in length
p menu_options.select {|item| item.size <= 5}
 
# Reject items that meet the criteria
p menu_options.reject {|item| item.size <= 5}
 
# Return the first item
p menu_options.first
 
# Return the first 2
p menu_options.take(2)
 
# Return the everything except the first 2
p menu_options.drop(2)
 
# Return the minimum item
p menu_options.min
 
# Return the maximum item
p menu_options.max
 
# Sort the items
p menu_options.sort
 
# Return each item in reverse order
menu_options.reverse_each {|item| puts item}

# Create a file for writing
file = File.new("authors.out", "w")
 
# Add lines
file.puts "William Shakespeare"
file.puts "Agatha Christie"
file.puts "Barbara Cartland"
 
# Close file
file.close
 
# Output everything in the file
puts File.read("authors.out")
 
# Open file for appending
file = File.new("authors.out", "a")
file.puts "Danielle Steel"
file.close
puts File.read("authors.out")
 
# Create another file containing data separated by commas
file = File.new("author_info.out", "w")
file.puts "William Shakespeare,English,plays and poetry,4 billion"
file.puts "Agatha Christie,English,who done its,4 billion"
file.puts "Barbara Cartland,English,romance novels,1 billion"
file.puts "Danielle Steel,English,romance novels,800 million"
file.close
 
# Cycle through the data to write a sentence
File.open("author_info.out") do |record|
  record.each do |item|
 
    # Split each line into 4 parts based on commas
    name, lang, specialty, sales = item.chomp.split(',')
    puts "#{name} was an #{lang} author that specialized in #{specialty}. They sold over #{sales} books."
  end
end